What would it take to build a "Nordic-style" cluster model suited to ASEAN's markets and where would that analogy break down?
The Nordic region built its ocean cluster model, dense, government-backed networks linking start-ups, established maritime industry, and research institutions, over decades, and it now doubles as the region's calling card for capital and talent. Southeast Asia has the natural resource base, the biodiversity, and a growing pipeline of ocean start-ups, but its blue economy investment remains fragmented across donor-driven pilots and multilateral finance hubs rather than organised into a comparable cluster architecture.



